Mineral processing of nonferrous metals
Zubareva G.I. The main mechanisms of flotation extraction of heavy metal ions out of water solutions
It was established that when using carboxylic reagent EMKO (sodium soaps of vat residues of “C” grade) flotation extraction of heavy metal ions out of water solutions is related to hydration energy and stability of sublates being formed. The two parameters affect contrariwise. A difference of molar ratios [EMKO]:[Me] in the course of extracting metals into froth can be explained by their different aggregative state, and a proportion of ionic form of metals and hydroxides being formed. Metal flotation rate is different for each of metal cations to be floated and is dependant on hydrogen ion concentrations.
Extractive Metallurgy of Nonferrous Metals
Ivakin G.A., Kazanbaev L.A., Kozlov P.A., Kolesnikov A.V. The effect of calcium oxide and chlorine-containing reagents on extraction of indium during rotary-kiln processing of cakes
The paper gives the results of studying the effect of calcium oxide and chloride added to clinker after rotary-kiln processing of the indium residue containing cake from electrolyte zinc production on extraction of this metal at the rotary-kiln processing conditions. Indium extraction degree is shown to grow by 5 % after adding calcium oxide (up to CaO / Fe(II) = 0.8 ratio) under carbothermic reduction in the temperature range of 1100-1300 oC. Indium extraction increases up to 35-48 % after replacing a part of calcium oxide by calcium chloride in the introduced additions (0.23 % CaCl2 to clinker weight). In this case the design chlorine content in the sublimates increases up to 0.3 %.
Fyodorov A.N., Pavlov R.A., Bezrukova Zh.N. Hydrodynamic model of molten pool in Vanyukov process
Mathematical hydrodynamic models of the tuyere and under-tuyere areas of molten pool in Vanyukov furnace as applied to matte smelting of sulfide copper raw material are described. Calculation algorithms are presented for a stable size of drops of dispersion matte phase, rates of matte drop constrained precipitation, and a volume portion of matte in the emulsion which permit us to estimate the contacting surface areas of the phases being formed and the conventional time period of metal-containing phase drop staying in the zone of proceeding the main physical-chemical transformations and to determine the necessary zone depth of separating matte from slag depending on the process parameters. The hydrodynamic model of matte smelting can be applied to description of the process of the continuous converting copper mattes to blister copper that is carried out in Vanyukov furnace.
Ivakin D.A., Kazanbaev L.A., Kozlov P.A., Kolesnikov A.V. Selective extraction of valuable components into sublimates during rotary-kiln processing of cakes from electrolyte zinc production
The results related to the industrial tests of new rotary-kiln processing of cakes from electrolyte zinc production with chloride-containing reagent (sodium and calcium chlorides) feed onto the material through the discharge opening in the rotary kiln are given. Increased extraction (by 10-12 %) of indium into sublimates as well as double reduction of metal content in the clinker were obtained when proportioning the reagents in the range of 2-10 kg/t of cake loaded. Some increase in extraction of zinc, lead, and silver into sublimates was also noted. The process of additional sublimation at temperatures of 1200-1350 K proceeds sufficiently fast determining practically full use of the chlorinating agent.
Metallurgy of less-common and precious metals
Mikhnev A.D., Kolmakova L.P., Kovtun O.N. Kinetic regularities of gallium and aluminum dissolution out of anode alloy in alkaline solutions
The kinetics of gallium extraction process by alkaline solutions was investigated. The studies were carried out in the temperature interval of 20-80 oC. Alkali concentration changed from 1.25 up to 5 mol/l. S:L = 1:5¸ 8 ratio was used. The range of proceeding the process and its optimal conditions were found. The studies of anode alloy leaching process in continuous cross mode were performed for the purpose of increasing gallium concentration in the solution.
Rychkov V.N., Pakholkov V.S. Sorption of zirconium out of chloride-fluoride solutions by polyampholytes
The results of design and experimental data on sorption of zirconium ions out of chloride-fluoride solutions by amine-carboxylic and amine-phosphate ampholytes are considered and discussed. Zirconium in chloride-fluoride solutions is shown to form a number of complex ions (chloride, fluoride, hydroxo- and mixed chloride-fluoride and hydroxo-chloride ones). Equilibrium of zirconium ions during their sorption out of chloride solutions was studied. The analytic dependencies describing the equilibrium process are given. Behavior of zirconium ions during the sorption out of hydrochloric acid solutions in a wide range of its concentrations is explained from the position of ionic metal state in the solution and the structure and functional features of ionites. Conclusions on sorption chemistry are confirmed by the data of IR and spectroscopic studies.
Selection of papers devoted to the 50th anniversary of Prof. A.A. Ilyin
Ilyin A.A., Kollerov M.Yu., Skvortsova S.V., Samsonova M.B. The effect of cooling rate on formation of phase composition and structure of Ti–b -stabilizer system alloys at athermal conversions
Investigations of the effect of cooling rate from temperatures of b -field on phase composition, structure, and hardness of Ti-Nb and Ti-Cr system alloys have been done. The results are summarized as “phase composition – chemical composition – cooling rate” diagrams. It was shown that maximum chemical phase microheterogeneity and alloy hardness are formed during athermic decomposition of high-temperature b -phase by the intermediate mechanism at cooling rate which is suggested to name as third critical rate.
Nadezhin A.M., Ilyin A.A., Skvortsova S.V., Mamonov A.M., Permyakova G.V. Hydrogen technique of gas-stabilizing of cast parts made of titanium alloys
The results of theoretical and experimental investigations of the positive effect of reversible alloying of titanium alloys by hydrogen on a complex of properties of cast metal subjected to hot isostatic pressing (HIP) are given. HIP modes of hydrogen-alloyed castings are developed permitting to decrease process temperature by 200-290 oC, inert gas pressure by 35-40 MPa, and to reduce duration of thermal effect 1.5-2 times.
Yegorova Yu.B., Ilyin A.A., Levochkin A.A. Mechanohydrogen processing as an element of hydrogen process of production of titanium alloy parts
The regularities of the effect of hydrogen on cutting machinability of titanium alloys are generalized. The main principles of mechanohydrogen treatment are founded. The effectiveness of titanium alloys machining with the use of reversible hydrogen alloying depends on hydrogen content, hydrogen pickup temperature, and cutting modes. High-performance technological processes of manufacturing parts and constructions made of titanium alloys are proposed.
Powder Materials and Coatings
Yermilov A.G., Safonov V.V., Doroshko L.F., Kolyakin A.V., Polushin, N.I. X-ray estimation of energy stored during preliminary mechanical activation
A correlation between heating power of preliminarily activated burdens and the parameters of crystalline lattice: interplanar spacing, sizes of coherent scattering areas, and mean-square microdeformation is shown. Using the results of X-ray structure analysis, a procedure is suggested of estimating energy stored during preliminary mechanical activation. The mentioned procedure was tested for two activation modes and two materials with different types of crystalline lattice. The design portion of energy stored during activation is noted to be close to the experimental one for all studied burdens.
Kasimtsev A.V. Metal-carbide powder compositions
A possibility is shown to produce powder metal-carbide compositions Ni–TiC in the course of processing TiO2 + CaC2 + CaH2 + Ni charge mixture with partially composite structure: a portion of titanium carbide is distributed in nickel matrix and another is in free state. To produce completely composite structure it is necessary to carburize powder of the starting alloy, for example NiTi intermetallide, by calcium carbide. The alloy-formation process is established to be controlled by diffusion of carbon in the nickel matrix. When temperature and time increase, homogenization of powders takes place in the composition at the cost of depletion of intermediate phases right up to their complete disappearance with formation of the necessary compositions. The method proposed permits us to produce metal-carbide compositions on the basis of IV and V group transition metal and chromium carbides. Some properties of nickel-containing compositions on the basis of titanium, chromium, and zirconium carbides have been studied.
Ovchnnikov A.A., Sannikov D.S., Manukhin A.V., Laptev A.I. The effect of preliminary hot pressing of nickel-manganese catalyst on synthesis of diamond powders
The effect of preliminary hot pressing of catalyst which has a composition of nickel–manganese of 40:60 weight ratio on the process of synthesis in the chamber of high pressure UOS-40 and quality of diamond monocrystals was studied. Necessary for achievement of 4.3 GPa pressure in the chamber, press force was found to be reduced by 18 %, total yield of diamond increases 1.4 times, and quality of synthesized diamonds improves.
Structural Macrokinetics. Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
Amosov A.P., Makarenko A.G., Tkachev S.P., Okunev A.B. A study of the effect of reducer on parameters of infiltration combustion at SHS of composite powders of refractory compounds
The results of investigating the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of composite powder materials under an infiltration combustion mode are given. The composition of the initial mixture of composites comprises oxides. Aluminum is a reducer in the oxidation-reduction reactions. The effect of quantity and quality of aluminum powder on parameters of the synthesis was studied. X-ray analysis of the synthesis products has shown presence of refractory phases and aluminum oxide in the composite.
Heat Engineering and Environment Protection in Metallurgy
Chirkunov N.V., Kaizer A.A., Kapitаnov V.A., Krupennikov S.A. Reconstruction of zone of secondary cooling in continuous casting plant for the purpose of improving quality of cast ingot
The principles of reconstructing a crystallizer of continuous casting furnace FCC-007 mini OPDEL to improve quality of a continuously casting ingot are considered. Mechanical properties are shown to essentially improve when cooling rate increases in the field of decomposition of solid solutions. To determine the parameters of the crystallizer part to be reconstructed at which the cooling effect is localized exactly in this area, a mathematical model describing processes of heat transport in moving metal and the main elements of the crystallizer is developed. An analysis of the effect of changing the temperature mode of ingot cooling on the alloy structure and its mechanical properties was carried out. It is shown that the reconstruction of the continuous casting furnace permits us to improve ductility and to produce the more uniform crystalline structure of an ingot to be casted.
Kushchev L.A., Karpman V.B., Shaptala V.G., Okuneva G.L. Intensification of operation of wet cleaning apparatuses in the course of catching drop aerosol
The results of the experimental researches of a wet inertial electrostatic filter, in which preliminary electrization and coagulation take place, are given. The effectiveness of their catching in a spray catcher was studied.
Process Control and Automation
Alkatseva V.M. Computation algorithm for decomposition of aluminate solutions
A computation algorithm of material and thermal balances of the aluminate solution decomposition process with vacuum-evaporating cooling of pulp in the decomposition process on the basis of which a computer program was drawn up was developed. Mathematical models necessary for computation are derived as a result of literature data processing. A schematic flow diagram of the computation algorithm for aluminate solution decomposition is given.
