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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cvmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия вузов. Цветная металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Non-Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0021-3438</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-8783</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИТУ "МИСИС"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0021-3438-2025-4-30-36</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cvmet-1735</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Металлургия цветных металлов</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Термодинамические предпосылки огневого рафинирования черновой меди с учетом параметров взаимодействия расплава</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Thermodynamic premises of fire refining of blister copper considering the interaction parameters of the melt</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Холод</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kholod</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Иванович Холод – вед. инженер кафедры литейного производства и упрочняющих технологий Уральского федерального университета имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина (УрФУ); зам. заведующего кафедрой металлургии Технического университета Уральской горно-металлургической компании</p><p>624091, Свердловская обл., г. Верхняя Пышма, Успенский пр-т, 3</p><p>620002, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey I. Kholod – Leading Engineer, Department of foundry and hardening technologies, Ural Federal University n.a. the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin (UrFU); Deputy Head of the Department of metallurgy, Technical University of the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company</p><p>3 Uspenskiy Prosp., Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk Region 624091</p><p>19 Mira Str., Ekaterinburg 620002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hsi503@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жуков</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhukov</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Петрович Жуков – д.т.н., профессор, вед. науч. сотрудник</p><p>620063, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Хохрякова, 87</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir P. Zhukov – Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Leading Researcher</p><p>87 Khokhryakova Str., Ekaterinburg 620063</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zhukov_vp@umbr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4458-3792</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамяченков</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamyachenkov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Владимирович Мамяченков – д.т.н., профессор, зав. кафедрой металлургии цветных металлов УрФУ</p><p>620002, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. Mamyachenkov – Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Head of the Department of non-ferrous metallurgy, UrFU</p><p>19 Mira Str., Ekaterinburg 620002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s.v.mamiachenkov@urfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рогачев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rogachev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Васильевич Рогачев – к.т.н., доцент кафедры металлургии железа и сплавов УрФУ</p><p>620002, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir V. Rogachev – Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor, Department of metallurgy of iron and alloys, UrFU</p><p>19 Mira Str., Ekaterinburg 620002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v.v.rogachev@urfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Технический университет Уральской горно-металлургической компании;&#13;
Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Technical University of the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company;&#13;
Ural Federal University n.a. the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «Уралмеханобр»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC “Uralmekhanobr”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural Federal University n.a. the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>30</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Холод С.И., Жуков В.П., Мамяченков С.В., Рогачев В.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Холод С.И., Жуков В.П., Мамяченков С.В., Рогачев В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kholod S.I., Zhukov V.P., Mamyachenkov S.V., Rogachev V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cvmet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1735">https://cvmet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1735</self-uri><abstract><p>В основе огневого рафинирования меди лежит процесс удаления примесей, обладающих повышенным сродством к кислороду, за счет их окисления кислородом газовой фазы. Поскольку основным компонентом черновой меди является медь, то, согласно закону действующих масс и сродства к кислороду, при продувке расплава воздухом она преимущественно вступает во взаимодействие с кислородом дутья. Образовавшийся оксид меди (I) в результате перемешивания потоками воздуха перемещается из зоны непосредственного контакта с газообразным кислородом в зону низких концентраций кислорода, в которой осуществляется протекание реакции окисления примесей (Mei) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit1">1</xref>]. На практике реальный расплав меди отличается от идеального, поэтому для оценки термодинамических предпосылок огневого рафинирования меди целесообразно учитывать активности компонентов и параметры взаимодействия системы. Известно, что активность кислорода в медных расплавах зависит от сродства примесей к кислороду. Примеси, обладающие высоким сродством к кислороду (например, Al, Si, Мn), достаточно хорошо снижают активность кислорода. Примеси, обладающие меньшим сродством к кислороду (например, Zn, Fe, Sn, Со, Pb), частично снижают его активность. Для оценки термодинамической возможности окисления примесей (Меi) в расплаве меди, с учетом параметров взаимодействия расплава, проведены расчеты конечной концентрации примесей в расплаве меди и теоретическая оценка влияния примесей на активность кислорода в расплаве черновой и анодной меди. Расчеты показали, что возможность огневого рафинирования меди путем продувки расплава воздухом под средневзвешенным идеальным шлаком имеет термодинамические ограничения, при этом конечная концентрация примеси зависит от активности кислорода в расплаве и от активности оксида примеси в шлаке. С уменьшением активности оксида примеси в шлаке улучшается рафинирование за счет сдвига равновесия реакции окисления примеси в сторону продуктов взаимодействия. Теоретически обосновано влияние примесей на активность кислорода в меди для двух различных по химическому составу расплавов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The process of fire refining of copper is based on the removal of impurities that have a high affinity for oxygen through their oxidation by gaseous oxygen. Since the main component of blister copper is copper itself, according to the law of mass action and its affinity for oxygen, during air blowing the metal primarily reacts with the oxygen in the blast. The resulting copper (I) oxide is transported from the zone of direct contact with gaseous oxygen into the region of lower oxygen concentration, where the oxidation of impurities (Mei) occurs. In practice, the actual copper melt deviates from ideal behavior; therefore, it is necessary to consider the activities of the components and the interaction parameters of the system when evaluating the thermodynamic premises of fire refining. It is known that the oxygen activity in copper melts depends on the oxygen affinity of the impurities. Impurities with a high affinity for oxygen (e.g., Al, Si, Mn) significantly reduce the oxygen activity, whereas those with a lower affinity (e.g., Zn, Fe, Sn, Co, Pb) only partially decrease it. Thermodynamic calculations were performed to estimate the final concentration of impurities in the copper melt and to theoretically evaluate the influence of impurities on oxygen activity in blister and anode copper. The calculations showed that fire refining of copper by air blowing under a weighted ideal slag has thermodynamic limitations. The final impurity concentration depends on both the oxygen activity in the melt and the activity of the impurity oxide in the slag. A decrease in the impurity oxide activity in the slag enhances refining efficiency by shifting the oxidation reaction equilibrium toward the reaction products. The theoretical effect of impurities on the oxygen activity in copper is substantiated for two melts differing in chemical compositin.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>окисление</kwd><kwd>черновая медь</kwd><kwd>анодная медь</kwd><kwd>активность кислорода</kwd><kwd>коэффициент активности</kwd><kwd>средневзвешенный идеальный шлак</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>oxidation</kwd><kwd>blister copper</kwd><kwd>anode copper</kwd><kwd>oxygen activity</kwd><kwd>activity coefficient</kwd><kwd>weighted ideal slag.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жуков В.П., Скопов Г.В., Холод С.И., Булатов К.В. Пирометаллургия меди. М.: Ай Пи Ар Медиа, 2023. Кн. 2. 324 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukov V.P., Skopov G.V., Kholod S.I., Bulatov K.V. Pyrometallurgy of copper. Moscow: IP Ar Media, 2023. Book 2. 324 p. 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