<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cvmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия вузов. Цветная металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Non-Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0021-3438</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-8783</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИТУ "МИСИС"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0021-3438-2021-4-16-23</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cvmet-1273</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Металлургия цветных металлов</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Статистический анализ распределения примесей при электрорафинировании меди</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Statistical analysis of the distribution of impurities during copper electrorefining</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Останин</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostanin</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры технологии электрохимических производств (ТЭХП)</p><p>620002, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assistant prof., Department of the technology of electrochemical manufactures (TEM)</p><p>620062, Russia, Ekaterinburg, Mira str., 28</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ostni@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рудой</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudoy</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор химических наук, профессор кафедры ТЭХП</p><p>620002, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Chem.), Prof., Department of TEM</p><p>620062, Russia, Ekaterinburg, Mira str., 28</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vlmx@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дёмин</surname><given-names>И. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demin</surname><given-names>I. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат химических наук, директор по производству</p><p>620027, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Луначарского, 31</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Production director, Ural Research Technological Institute</p><p>620027, Russia, Ekaterinburg, Lunacharsky str., 31</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.p.demin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Останина</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostanina</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор химических наук, профессор кафедры ТЭХП</p><p>620002, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Chem.), Prof., Department of TEM</p><p>620062, Russia, Ekaterinburg, Mira str., 28</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t.n.ostanina@urfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат химических наук, ст. преподаватель кафедры ТЭХП</p><p>620002, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Senior lecturer, Department of TEM</p><p>620062, Russia, Ekaterinburg, Mira str., 28</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikitin-viachieslav@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина (УрФУ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский научно-исследовательский технологический институт</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural Research Technological Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Останин Н.И., Рудой В.М., Дёмин И.П., Останина Т.Н., Никитин В.С., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Останин Н.И., Рудой В.М., Дёмин И.П., Останина Т.Н., Никитин В.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ostanin N.I., Rudoy V.M., Demin I.P., Ostanina T.N., Nikitin V.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cvmet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1273">https://cvmet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1273</self-uri><abstract><p>Электролитическое рафинирование меди позволяет получать металл высокой степени чистоты, поэтому анализ основных путей перехода примесей в продукты электролиза является актуальной проблемой, решение которой дает возможность управлять технологическим процессом при изменении состава сырья и, как следствие, содержания примесей в анодах. В настоящей работе на основе комплексного анализа и синхронизации большого массива данных по концентрации примесей в различных технологических средах (аноды, электролит, шлам и катодный металл), полученных на сериях товарных ванн, определены направления потока примесей и выявлены связи между их содержанием в этих средах. Показано, что переход примесей из одной технологической среды (источник) в другую (приемник) реализуется по четырем основным схемам: линейное увеличение, отсутствие видимой зависимости, наличие предельной концентрации в приемнике и наличие пороговой концентрации в источнике. Приведены результаты статистического анализа распределения 6 примесей (висмут, мышьяк, свинец, сера, никель и серебро), относящихся к разным группам, в четырех основных парах источник примеси – приемник: анод–раствор, анод–шлам, шлам–катод и раствор–катод. Для всех зависимостей концентрации примеси в источнике от содержания в приемнике определены коэффициенты линейных уравнений регрессии и проведена оценка их значимости. Полученные коэффициенты позволяют объяснить наблюдаемые в промышленном электролизере пути перехода примесей и прогнозировать качество катодной меди и состав шламов при изменении состава анодов. Проведенные расчеты показали, что накопление примесей в катодах происходит не столько за счет электрохимических реакций, сколько вследствие окклюзии частиц шлама и неполного удаления раствора с поверхности товарных катодов. Совершенствование и развитие технологии электролитического рафинирования меди должно быть направлено на поиск поверхностно-активных веществ, которые бы способствовали предотвращению адсорбции частиц взвешенного шлама на поверхности катодов, а также улучшению их отмывки от электролита.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Electrolytic copper refining makes it possible to obtain high purity metal, so the analysis of the main ways of impurity transition into electrolysis products is an actual problem. If it is solved, the process can be controlled when changing the composition of raw materials and, as a result, the content of impurities in the anodes. This paper uses the comprehensive analysis and synchronization of a large array of data on impurities concentrations in various process media (anodes, electrolyte, slime, and cathode metal) obtained on the series of commercial cells to identify the directions of impurity flows and relationship between their content in these media. It is shown that the transition of impurities from one process medium (source) to another (receiver) is implemented according to four main patterns: linear increase, no visible dependence, the presence of a limit concentration in the receiver and the presence of a threshold concentration in the source. The paper provides the results obtained in the statistical analysis of the distribution of six impurities (bismuth, arsenic, lead, sulfur, nickel and silver) belonging to different groups in four main pairs of the impurity source – receiver: anode – solution, anode – slime, slime – cathode, solution – cathode. The coefficients of linear regression equations are determined and their significance is estimated for all dependencies of the impurity concentration in the source on the content in the receiver. The coefficients obtained make it possible to explain the impurity transition paths observed in the commercial cells and predict the quality of cathode copper and the composition of slimes when the anode composition changes. The calculations showed that impurities are accumulated in cathodes due to the occlusion of slime particles and incomplete solution removal from the surface of commercial cathodes rather than due to electrochemical reactions. The copper electrorefining technology should be improved and developed so as to find surface-active additives that would prevent the adsorption of suspended slime particles on the cathode surface, as well as better wash them from the electrolyte.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>медь</kwd><kwd>электрорафинирование</kwd><kwd>распределение примесей</kwd><kwd>медные аноды</kwd><kwd>электролит</kwd><kwd>катодная медь</kwd><kwd>шлам</kwd><kwd>статистический анализ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>copper</kwd><kwd>electrorefining</kwd><kwd>distribution of impurities</kwd><kwd>copper anodes</kwd><kwd>electrolyte</kwd><kwd>cathode copper</kwd><kwd>slime</kwd><kwd>statistical analysis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках соглашения № 075-03-2020-582/1 от 18.02.2020 (номер темы 0836-2020-0037).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work is performed in the frame of the State Assignment number 075-03-2020-582/1 dated 18.02.2020 (the theme number 0836-2020-0037).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГОСТ 859-2014. Медь. Марки. Введ. 2015-07-01. М.: Стандартинформ, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GOST 859-2014. Copper. Grades. Introduced on 2015-07-01. Moscow: Standartinform, 2015 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баймаков Ю.В., Журин А.И. Электролиз в гидрометаллургии. М.: Металлургия, 1977.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baimakov Yu.V., Zhurin A.I. Electrolysis in hydrometallurgy. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1977 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вольхин А.И., Елисеев Е.И., Жуков В.П., Смирнов Б.Н. Анодная и катодная медь. Челябинск: Юж.-Ур. кн. изд-во, 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vol’khin A.I., Eliseev E.I., Zhukov V.P., Smirnov B.N. Anode and cathode copper. Chelyabinsk: Yuzhno-Ural’skoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 2001 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schlesinger M.E., King M.J., Sole K.C., Davenport W.G. Extractive metallurgy of copper (5-th Ed.). Elsevier, 2011. P. 251—280. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-096789-9. 10014-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schlesinger M.E., King M.J., Sole K.C., Davenport W.G. Extractive metallurgy of copper (5-th Ed.). Elsevier, 2011. P. 251—280. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-096789-9. 10014-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дёмин И.П., Рудой В.М., Останин Н.И., Плеханов К.А. Анализ путей попадания примесей в катодную медь в практике электролитического рафинирования. Цветные металлы. 2002. No. 5. С. 23—28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demin I.P., Rudoy V.M., Ostanin N.I., Plekhanov K.A. Analysis of the ways of ingress of impurities into the cathode copper in the practice of electrolytic refining. Tsvetnye metally. 2002. No. 5. Р. 23—28 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rudoy V.M., Ostanin N.I., Zaikov Yu.P., Demin I.P., Ashikhin V.V. The new approach to a choice of surfactants for electrorefining copper. In: Proc. Eur. Metal. Conf. ЕМС (18—21 Sept. 2005). Dresden, Germany, 2005. Vol. 1. P. 153—164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudoy V.M., Ostanin N.I., Zaikov Yu.P., Demin I.P., Ashikhin V.V. The new approach to a choice of surfactants for electrorefining copper. In: Proc. Eur. Metal. Conf. ЕМС (18—21 Sept. 2005). Dresden, Germany, 2005. Vol. 1. P. 153—164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noguchi F., Iida N., Nakamura T., Ueda Y. Behaviour of anode impurities in copper electrorefining. Metal. Rev. MMIJ. 1992. Vol. 8. No. 2. P. 83—98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noguchi F., Iida N., Nakamura T., Ueda Y. Behaviour of anode impurities in copper electrorefining. Metal. Rev. MMIJ. 1992. Vol. 8. No. 2. P. 83—98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Möller C.A., Bayanmunkh M., Friedrich B. Influence of As, Sb, Bi and O on copper anode behaviour. Pt. 3: Elemental distribution. World of Metallurgy (ERZMETALL). 2009. Vol. 62. No. 2. P. 70—80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Möller C.A., Bayanmunkh M., Friedrich B. Influence of As, Sb, Bi and O on copper anode behaviour. Pt. 3: Elemental distribution. World of Metallurgy (ERZMETALL). 2009. Vol. 62. No. 2. P. 70—80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeng W., Wang S., Free M.L. Experimental and simulation studies of electrolyte flow and slime particle transport in a pilot scale copper electrorefining cell. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016. Vol. 163. No. 5. Р. E111—E122. DOI: 10.1149/2.0181605jes.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeng W., Wang S., Free M.L. Experimental and simulation studies of electrolyte flow and slime particle transport in a pilot scale copper electrorefining cell. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016. Vol. 163. No. 5. Р. E111—E122. DOI: 10.1149/2.0181605jes.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Möller C.A., Bayanmunkh M., Friedrich B. Influence of As, Sb, Bi and O on copper anode behaviour. Pt. 2: Anode dissolution behaviour and anode sludge generation. World of Metallurgy (ERZMETALL). 2009. Vol. 62. No. 1. P. 6—16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Möller C.A., Bayanmunkh M., Friedrich B. Influence of As, Sb, Bi and O on copper anode behaviour. Pt. 2: Anode dissolution behaviour and anode sludge generation. World of Metallurgy (ERZMETALL). 2009. Vol. 62. No. 1. P. 6—16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeng W., Free M.L., Wang S. Studies of anode slime sintering/ coalescence and its effects on anode slime adhesion and cathode purity in copper electrorefining. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016. Vol. 163. No. 2. Р. E14—E31. DOI: 10.1149/2.0681602jes.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeng W., Free M.L., Wang S. Studies of anode slime sintering/ coalescence and its effects on anode slime adhesion and cathode purity in copper electrorefining. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016. Vol. 163. No. 2. Р. E14—E31. DOI: 10.1149/2.0681602jes.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeng W., Free M.L., Werner J., Wang S. Simulation and validation studies of impurity particle behavior in copper electrorefining. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015. Vol. 162. No. 14. Р. E338—E352. DOI: 10.1149/2.0561514jes.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeng W., Free M.L., Werner J., Wang S. Simulation and validation studies of impurity particle behavior in copper electrorefining. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015. Vol. 162. No. 14. Р. E338—E352. DOI: 10.1149/2.0561514jes.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeng W., Werner J., Free M.L. Experimental studies on impurity particle behavior in electrolyte and the associated distribution on the cathode in the process of copper electrorefining. Hydrometallurgy. 2015. Vol. 156. P. 232—238. DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.06.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeng W., Werner J., Free M.L. Experimental studies on impurity particle behavior in electrolyte and the associated distribution on the cathode in the process of copper electrorefining. Hydrometallurgy. 2015. Vol. 156. P. 232—238. DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.06.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen T.T., Dutrizac J.E. Mineralogical characterization of a copper anode and the anode slimes from the La Caridad Copper Refinery of Mexicana De Cobre. Metall. Mater. Trans. B. 2005. Vol. 36. No. 2. P. 229—240. DOI: 10.1007/s11663-005-0024-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen T.T., Dutrizac J.E. Mineralogical characterization of a copper anode and the anode slimes from the La Caridad Copper Refinery of Mexicana De Cobre. Metall. Mater. Trans. B. 2005. Vol. 36. No. 2. P. 229—240. DOI: 10.1007/s11663-005-0024-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen T.T., Dutrizac J.E. A Mineralogical overview of the behavior of nickel during copper electrorefining. Metall. Mater. Trans. B. 1990. Vol. 21. No. 2. P. 229—238. DOI: 10.1007/BF02664190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen T.T., Dutrizac J.E. A Mineralogical overview of the behavior of nickel during copper electrorefining. Metall. Mater. Trans. B. 1990. Vol. 21. No. 2. P. 229—238. DOI: 10.1007/BF02664190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moats M.S., Wang S., Kim D. A review of the behavior and deportment of lead, bismuth, antimony and arsenic in copper electrorefining. In: T.T. Chen Honorary Symposium on Hydrometallurgy, Electrometallurgy and Materials Characterization (11—15 March 2012). Orlando, Florida, USA, 2012. P. 3—21. DOI: 10.1002/9781118364833.ch1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moats M.S., Wang S., Kim D. A review of the behavior and deportment of lead, bismuth, antimony and arsenic in copper electrorefining. In: T.T. Chen Honorary Symposium on Hydrometallurgy, Electrometallurgy and Materials Characterization (11—15 March 2012). Orlando, Florida, USA, 2012. P. 3—21. DOI: 10.1002/9781118364833.ch1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bounoughaz M., Manzini M., Ghali E. Behaviour of copper anodes containing oxygen, silver and selenium impurities during electro-refining. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly. 1995. Vol. 34. No. 1. P. 21—26. DOI: 10.1016/0008-4433(94)00014-B.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bounoughaz M., Manzini M., Ghali E. Behaviour of copper anodes containing oxygen, silver and selenium impurities during electro-refining. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly. 1995. Vol. 34. No. 1. P. 21—26. DOI: 10.1016/0008-4433(94)00014-B.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang S. Impurity control and removal in copper tankhouse operations. JOM. 2004. Vol. 56. No. 7. P. 34—37. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-004-0089-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang S. Impurity control and removal in copper tankhouse operations. JOM. 2004. Vol. 56. No. 7. P. 34—37. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-004-0089-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gu Z.H., Chen J., Fahidy T.Z. A study of anodic slime behavior in the electrorefining of copper. Hydrometallurgy. 1995. Vol. 37. No. 2. P. 149—167. DOI: 10.1016/0304-386X(94)00044-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gu Z.H., Chen J., Fahidy T.Z. A study of anodic slime behavior in the electrorefining of copper. Hydrometallurgy. 1995. Vol. 37. No. 2. P. 149—167. DOI: 10.1016/0304-386X(94)00044-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X., Chen Q., Yin Z., Wang M., Xiao B., Zhang F. Homogeneous precipitation of As, Sb and Bi impurities in copper electrolyte during electrorefining. Hydrometallurgy. 2011. Vol. 105. No. 3-4. P. 355—358. DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.10.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X., Chen Q., Yin Z., Wang M., Xiao B., Zhang F. Homogeneous precipitation of As, Sb and Bi impurities in copper electrolyte during electrorefining. Hydrometallurgy. 2011. Vol. 105. No. 3-4. P. 355—358. DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.10.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen T.T., Dutrizac J.E. Mineralogy of copper electrorefining. JOM. 1990. Vol. 42. No. 8. P. 39—44. DOI: 10.1007/BF03221053.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen T.T., Dutrizac J.E. Mineralogy of copper electrorefining. JOM. 1990. Vol. 42. No. 8. P. 39—44. DOI: 10.1007/BF03221053.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jafari S., Kiviluoma M., Kalliomäki T., Klindtworth E., Arif Tirto Ajia, Aromaa J., Wilson B.P., Lundströma M. Effect of typical impurities for the formation of floating slimes in copper electrorefining. Int. J. Miner. Process. 2017. Vol. 168. No. 10. P. 109—115. DOI: 10.1016/j.minpro.2017.09.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jafari S., Kiviluoma M., Kalliomäki T., Klindtworth E., Arif Tirto Ajia, Aromaa J., Wilson B.P., Lundströma M. Effect of typical impurities for the formation of floating slimes in copper electrorefining. Int. J. Miner. Process. 2017. Vol. 168. No. 10. P. 109—115. DOI: 10.1016/j.minpro.2017.09.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
