<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cvmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия вузов. Цветная металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Non-Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0021-3438</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-8783</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИТУ МИСИС</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0021-3438-2020-4-22-28</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cvmet-1150</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Металлургия цветных металлов</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Термодинамический анализ стехиометрии процесса растворения сульфида цинка в сернокислом растворе с участием кислорода</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Thermodynamic analysis of zinc sulfide dissolution stoichiometry in sulfuric acid solution with oxygen</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьева</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovyeva</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат химических наук, доцент кафедры общей химии</p><p>620002, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Assistant prof., Department of general chemistry</p><p>620002, Ekaterinburg, Mira str., 19</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">g.v.solovyeva@urfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колмачихина</surname><given-names>Э. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolmachikhina</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат технических наук, вед. инженер кафедры металлургии цветных металлов (МЦМ)</p><p>620002, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior engineer, Department of metallurgy of non-ferrous metals (MNFM)</p><p>620002, Ekaterinburg, Mira str., 19</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.b.khazieva@urfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамяченков</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamyachenkov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой МЦМ</p><p>620002, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Prof., Head of the Department of MNFM</p><p>620002, Ekaterinburg, Mira str., 19</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s.v.mamiachenkov@urfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский федеральный университет (УрФУ) имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural Federal University (UrFU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>08</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Соловьева Г.В., Колмачихина Э.Б., Мамяченков С.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Соловьева Г.В., Колмачихина Э.Б., Мамяченков С.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Solovyeva G.V., Kolmachikhina E.B., Mamyachenkov S.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cvmet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1150">https://cvmet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1150</self-uri><abstract><p>Проведено термодинамическое исследование высокотемпературного окислительного выщелачивания сульфида цинка. При растворении сульфидов металлов под действием окислителей в кислом растворе возможно одновременное протекание нескольких процессов. С целью выявления соотношения возможных реакций термодинамические расчеты проводились по стехиометрическим уравнениям с одинаковым расходом окислителя. Кроме того, стехиометрические коэффициенты выбирались таким образом, чтобы реагенты обменивались 1 молем электрических зарядов. Такой подход способен обеспечить сравнение эффективности использования разных окислителей для выщелачивания сульфидов. Полученные результаты термодинамического анализа совпали с экспериментальными данными, подтверждающими, что преобладающими при растворении сульфида цинка в растворе серной кислоты под действием кислорода являются реакции окисления до серы и сульфат-ионов. Исследовано влияние расхода кислорода и начальной концентрации серной кислоты на соотношение этих реакций и на равновесную концентрацию катионов цинка в растворе. Термодинамический анализ показал, что при недостаточной концентрации кислоты, ограничивающей максимальное продвижение реакции окисления сульфида цинка до серы, кислород будет расходоваться также на процесс окисления до сульфат-ионов, менее эффективно расходующий кислород, так как при этом в раствор переходят в 4 раза меньше катионов цинка. Проведенные термодинамические расчеты позволили, не прибегая к трудоемким экспериментам, выявить оптимальные соотношения расхода кислорода и начальной концентрации серной кислоты, обеспечивающие достижение максимальной равновесной концентрации цинка в растворе при более эффективном расходе окислителя. При оптимальной концентрации кислоты наблюдаются прямо пропорциональные зависимости равновесной концентрации катионов цинка в растворе от начальной концентрации кислоты и образования катионов цинка от расхода кислорода.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A thermodynamic study of zinc sulfide high temperature oxidation leaching was conducted. Several processes can run simultaneously while metal sulfides are dissolved by oxidants in acidic solutions. Thermodynamic calculations were made using stoichiometric equations with equal oxidant consumption in order to identify the proportion of potential reactions. Moreover, stoichiometric coefficients were chosen in such a way as to reagents could exchange 1 mole of electric charge. This approach ensures a comparison of different oxidants in terms of their effectiveness in sulfides leaching. Thermodynamic analysis results obtained agree with experimental data confirming that oxidizing reactions with the formation of sulfur and sulfate ions prevail in zinc sulfide dissolution in sulfuric acid solutions under the oxygen effect. The effect of oxygen consumption and initial sulfuric acid concentration on the proportion of these reactions and equilibrium concentration of zinc cations in the solution was studied. Thermodynamic analysis showed that if the acid concentration is insufficient and limits the maximum progress of zinc sulfide oxidation with sulfur formation, oxygen is also consumed for the oxidation reaction with the formation of sulfate ions spending oxygen less effective due to 4 times less zinc cations passing to the solution. Thermodynamic calculations made it possible to find out the optimal proportions of oxygen consumption and initial sulfuric acid concentration to achieve the maximum zinc equilibrium concentration in the solution with more effective oxidant consumption without any labor-intensive experiments. The equilibrium concentration of zinc cations in the solution is in direct proportion to the initial acid concentration, and zinc cation formation is in direct proportion to oxygen consumption at the optimal acid concentration.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>выщелачивание</kwd><kwd>термодинамика</kwd><kwd>продвижение реакции</kwd><kwd>сульфид цинка</kwd><kwd>равновесие</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>leaching</kwd><kwd>thermodynamic</kwd><kwd>reaction progress</kwd><kwd>zinc sulfide</kwd><kwd>equilibrium</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда, грант № 18-19-00186</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The reported study was funded by Russian Science Foundation, project number 18-19-00186</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полосухин В.А., Нафталь М.Н., Шестакова Р.Д., Шур М.Б., Поппер Э.Х. Надеждинский металлургический завод — новые горизонты развития. Цветные металлы. 2001. No. 6. С. 53—55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polosikhin V.A., Naftal’ M.N., Shestakova R.D., Shur M.B., Popper E.Kh. Nadezhdinskii metallurgical works: New development horizon. Tsvetnye Metally. 2001. No. 6. P. 53—55 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naftal’ M.N., Kuznetsov N.S., Naboichenko S.S., Solntsev K.A., Bryukvin V.A. Development of the nickel-refining production at Norilsk Nickel Harjavalta Oy in GMK Norilsk Nickel. Russian Metallurgy (Metally). 2019. No. 5. P. 495—506. DOI: 10.1134/S0036029519050069.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naftal’ M.N., Kuznetsov N.S., Naboichenko S.S., Solntsev K.A., Bryukvin V.A. Development of the nickel-refining production at Norilsk Nickel Harjavalta Oy in GMK Norilsk Nickel. Russian Metallurgy (Metally). 2019. No. 5. P. 495—506. DOI: 10.1134/S0036029519050069.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Habashi F. A new era in pressure hydrometallurgy. Metall. 2014. Vol. 68. No. 1-2. P. 27—34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Habashi F. A new era in pressure hydrometallurgy. Metall. 2014. Vol. 68. No. 1-2. P. 27—34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mackey P.J. Oxygen in non-ferrous metallurgical processes past, present and future. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly.1989. Vol. 28. No. 3. P. 211—224. DOI: 10.1179/cmq.1989.28.3.211.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mackey P.J. Oxygen in non-ferrous metallurgical processes past, present and future. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly.1989. Vol. 28. No. 3. P. 211—224. DOI: 10.1179/cmq.1989.28.3.211.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halfyard J.E., Hawboldt K. Separation of elemental sulfur from hydrometallurgical residue: A review. Hydrometallurg. Vol. 109. No. 1—2. P. 80—89. DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.05.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halfyard J.E., Hawboldt K. Separation of elemental sulfur from hydrometallurgical residue: A review. Hydrometallurg. Vol. 109. No. 1—2. P. 80—89. DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.05.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Садыков С.Б., Набойченко С.С. Автоклавное выщелачивание сульфидных цинковых концентратов с повышенным содержанием примесей. Цветные металлы. 2005. No. 4. С. 42—46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadykov S.B., Nabojchenko S.S. Autoclave leaching of sulfide zinc concentrates with increased content of impurities. Tsvetnye Metally. 2005. No. 4. P. 42—46 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhukov V.V., Laari A., Lampinen M., Koiranen T. A mechanistic kinetic model for direct pressure leaching of iron containing sphalerite concentrate. Chem. Eng. Res. Design. 2017. No. 118. P. 131—141. DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2016.12.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukov V.V., Laari A., Lampinen M., Koiranen T. A mechanistic kinetic model for direct pressure leaching of iron containing sphalerite concentrate. Chem. Eng. Res. Design. 2017. No. 118. P. 131—141. DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2016.12.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yan S., Xie G., Yu Z., Shi H., Mo T., Dong H. Pressure oxidative acid leaching of complex polymetallic sphalerite containing high iron and indium. Chinese J. Rare Metals. 2016. Vol. 40. No. 4. P. 378—384. DOI: 10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.2016.04.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yan S., Xie G., Yu Z., Shi H., Mo T., Dong H. Pressure oxidative acid leaching of complex polymetallic sphalerite containing high iron and indium. Chinese J. Rare Metals. 2016. Vol. 40. No. 4. P. 378—384. DOI: 10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.2016.04.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu H., Wei C., Li C., Fan G., Deng Z., Zhou X., Qiu S. Leaching of a complex sulfidic, silicate-containing zinc ore in sulfuric acid solution under oxygen pressure. Separat. Purif. Technol. 2012. Vol. 85. No. 2. P. 206—212. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.10.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu H., Wei C., Li C., Fan G., Deng Z., Zhou X., Qiu S. Leaching of a complex sulfidic, silicate-containing zinc ore in sulfuric acid solution under oxygen pressure. Separat. Purif. Technol. 2012. Vol. 85. No. 2. P. 206—212. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.10.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gu Y., Zhang T.-A., Liu Y., Mu W.-Z., Zhang W.-G., Dou Z.-H., Jiang X.-L. Pressure acid leaching of zinc sulfide concentrate. Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China. 2010. Vol. 20. No. 1. P. 136—140. DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(10)60028-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gu Y., Zhang T.-A., Liu Y., Mu W.-Z., Zhang W.-G., Dou Z.-H., Jiang X.-L. Pressure acid leaching of zinc sulfide concentrate. Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China. 2010. Vol. 20. No. 1. P. 136—140. DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(10)60028-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becze L., Gomez M.A., Berre J.F.L.E., Pierre B. Demopoulos G.R. Formation of massive gunningite-jarosite scale in an industrial zinc pressure leach autoclave: A characterization study. Canad. Metal. Quart. 2009. Vol. 48. No. 2. P. 99—108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becze L., Gomez M.A., Berre J.F.L.E., Pierre B. Demopoulos G.R. Formation of massive gunningite-jarosite scale in an industrial zinc pressure leach autoclave: A characterization study. Canad. Metal. Quart. 2009. Vol. 48. No. 2. P. 99—108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guler E. Pressure acid leaching of sphalerite concentrate. Modeling and optimization by response surface methodology. Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Proces. 2016. Vol. 52. No. 1. P. 479—496. DOI: 10.5277/ppmp160139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guler E. Pressure acid leaching of sphalerite concentrate. Modeling and optimization by response surface methodology. Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Proces. 2016. Vol. 52. No. 1. P. 479—496. DOI: 10.5277/ppmp160139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu H., Wei C., Li C., Deng Z., Fan G., Li M., Li X. Selective recovery of valuable metals from partial silicated sphalerite at elevated temperature with sulfuric acid solution. J. Industr. Eng. Chem. 2014. Vol. 20. No. 4. P. 1373— 1381. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.07.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu H., Wei C., Li C., Deng Z., Fan G., Li M., Li X. Selective recovery of valuable metals from partial silicated sphalerite at elevated temperature with sulfuric acid solution. J. Industr. Eng. Chem. 2014. Vol. 20. No. 4. P. 1373— 1381. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.07.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шахалов А.А., Оспанов Е.А., Набойченко С.С., Фоменко И.В. Особенности автоклавного выщелачивания некондиционных сульфидных медно-цинковых концентратов. Цветные металлы. 2019. No. 1. С. 13—19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shakhalov A.A., Ospanov E.A., Naboychenko S.S., Fomenko I.V. Features of pressure oxidative leaching of substandard copper-zinc sulfide concentrates. Tsvetnye Metally. 2019. No.1. P. 13—19. DOI: 10.17580/tsm.2019.01.02 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вигдорчик Е.М., Шнеерсон Я.М., Жмарин Е.Е., Шпаер В.М. Исследование одно- и двухстадиальной схем автоклавного выщелачивания цинковых концентратов методом математического моделирования. Цветные металлы. 2004. No. 12. С. 136—142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vigdorchik E.M., Shneerson Ya.M., Zhmarin E.E., Shpaer V.M. Study of single-stage and dual-stage routes of autoclave leaching of zinc concentrates via mathematical simulation. Tsvetnye Metally. 2004. No. 12. C. 136—142 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lampinen M., Laari A., Turunen I. Kinetic model for direct leaching of zinc sulphide concentrates at high slurry and solute concentration. Hydrometallurgy. 2015. No. 153. P. 160—169. DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.02.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lampinen M., Laari A., Turunen I. Kinetic model for direct leaching of zinc sulphide concentrates at high slurry and solute concentration. Hydrometallurgy. 2015. No. 153. P. 160—169. DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.02.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Owusu G., Dreisinger D.B., Peters E. Effect of surfactants on zinc and iron dissolution rates during oxidative leaching of sphalerite. Hydrometallurgy. 1995. Vol. 38. No. 3. P. 315—324. DOI: 10.1016/0304-386X(94)00061-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Owusu G., Dreisinger D.B., Peters E. Effect of surfactants on zinc and iron dissolution rates during oxidative leaching of sphalerite. Hydrometallurgy. 1995. Vol. 38. No. 3. P. 315—324. DOI: 10.1016/0304-386X(94)00061-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tian L., Zhang T.A., Liu Y., Lv G.Z., Tang, J.J. Oxidative acid leaching of mechanically activated sphalerite. Canad. Metal. Quarterly. 2018. Vol. 57. No. 1. P. 59—69. DOI: 10.1080/00084433.2017.1367884.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tian L., Zhang T.A., Liu Y., Lv G.Z., Tang, J.J. Oxidative acid leaching of mechanically activated sphalerite. Canad. Metal. Quarterly. 2018. Vol. 57. No. 1. P. 59—69. DOI: 10.1080/00084433.2017.1367884.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Y., Fan Y.-Y., Qi J.-F., Tian L., Zhang T.-A. Research on sulfur conversion behavior in oxygen pressure acid leaching process of high indium sphalerite. Miner., Met. Mater. Ser. 2018. Vol. 2. P. 199—208. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72131-6_18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Y., Fan Y.-Y., Qi J.-F., Tian L., Zhang T.-A. Research on sulfur conversion behavior in oxygen pressure acid leaching process of high indium sphalerite. Miner., Met. Mater. Ser. 2018. Vol. 2. P. 199—208. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72131-6_18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Owusu G., Peters E., Dreisinger D.B. Surface tensions and contact angles due to lignin sulphonates in the system: Liquid sulphur, aqueous zinc sulphate and zinc sulphide. Canad. J. Chem. Eng. 1992. Vol. 70. No. 1. P. 173—180. DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450700125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Owusu G., Peters E., Dreisinger D.B. Surface tensions and contact angles due to lignin sulphonates in the system: Liquid sulphur, aqueous zinc sulphate and zinc sulphide. Canad. J. Chem. Eng. 1992. Vol. 70. No. 1. P. 173—180. DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450700125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Owusu G., Dreisinger D.B., Peters E. Interfacial effects of surface-active agents under zinc pressure leach conditions. Metal. Mater. Trans. B. 1995. Vol. 26. No. 1. P. 5— 12. DOI: 10.1007/BF02648972.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Owusu G., Dreisinger D.B., Peters E. Interfacial effects of surface-active agents under zinc pressure leach conditions. Metal. Mater. Trans. B. 1995. Vol. 26. No. 1. P. 5— 12. DOI: 10.1007/BF02648972.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barin I. Thermochemical data of pure substances. 2-nd ed. Weinheim, Basel: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barin I. Thermochemical data of pure substances. 2-nd ed. Weinheim, Basel: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 1993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
