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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cvmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия вузов. Цветная металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Non-Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0021-3438</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-8783</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИТУ "МИСИС"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0021-3438-2020-2-55-65</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cvmet-1105</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Металловедение и термическая обработка</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treatment</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Наноструктурированный градиентный материал на основе псевдосплава Cu-Cr-W, полученный методами высокоэнергетической механической обработки и искрового плазменного спекания</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nanostructured gradient material based on Cu—Cr—W pseudo alloy prepared by high energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шкодич</surname><given-names>Н. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shkodich</surname><given-names>N. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат физико-математических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории динамики микрогетерогенных процессов ИСМАН.</p><p>142432, Московская обл., Черноголовка, ул. Акад. Осипьяна, 8.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Senior researcher, Laboratory of dynamics of microheterogeneous processes, Merzhanov Institute of Structural Macrokinetics and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISMAN).</p><p>142432, Moscow reg., Chernogolovka, Acad. Osip'yan str., 8.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">n.f.shkodich@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вергунова</surname><given-names>Ю. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vergunova</surname><given-names>Yu. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник лаборатории динамики микрогетерогенных процессов ИСМАН.</p><p>142432, Московская обл., Черноголовка, ул. Акад. Осипьяна, 8.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher, Laboratory of dynamics of microheterogeneous processes, ISMAN.</p><p>142432, Moscow reg., Chernogolovka, Acad. Osip'yan str., 8.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yulya-ser94@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кусков</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuskov</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Инженер НИЦ «Конструкционные керамические наноматериалы» (ККН) НИТУ «МИСиС».</p><p>119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-т, 4.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Engineer, SRC «Construction ceramic nanomaterials», NUST «MISIS»,</p><p>119049, Moscow, Leninskii pr., 4.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kkuskov@misis.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трусов</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trusov</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Инженер НИЦ «ККН» НИТУ «МИСиС».</p><p>119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-т, 4.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Engineer, SRC «Construction ceramic nanomaterials», NUST «MISIS».</p><p>119049, Moscow, Leninskii pr., 4.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">german.v.trusov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалев</surname><given-names>И. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalev</surname><given-names>I. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат технических наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории рентгеноструктурных исследований ИСМАН.</p><p>142432, Московская обл., Черноголовка, ул. Акад. Осипьяна, 8.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Researcher,, Laboratory of X-Ray investigation, ISMAN.</p><p>142432, Moscow reg., Chernogolovka, Acad. Osip'yan str., 8.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i2212@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт структурной макрокинетики и проблем материаловедения им. А.Г. Мержанова РАН (ИСМАН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Merzhanov Institute of Structural Macrokinetics and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISMAN)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСиС»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>NUST «MISIS»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>55</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шкодич Н.Ф., Вергунова Ю.С., Кусков К.В., Трусов Г.В., Ковалев И.Д., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шкодич Н.Ф., Вергунова Ю.С., Кусков К.В., Трусов Г.В., Ковалев И.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shkodich N.F., Vergunova Y.S., Kuskov K.V., Trusov G.V., Kovalev I.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cvmet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1105">https://cvmet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1105</self-uri><abstract><p>В настоящей работе сочетанием методов непродолжительной (до 150 мин) высокоэнергетической механической обработки (ВЭМО) и искрового плазменного спекания (ИПС) были получены наноструктурированные механокомпозиты из несмешивающихся между собой металлов Cu, Crи 5÷70 мас.% W, наноструктурированные консолидированные материалы на их основе и наноструктурированный градиентный материал Cu / Cu—Cr—W с различным содержанием вольфрама. Для получения механокомпозитов Cu—Cr—Wпроводилась ВЭМО порошковых смесей Cu+ Cr+ (5÷70мас.%)\W в шаровой планетарной мельнице Активатор-2S при скорости вращения барабанов 1388 об/мин и планетарного диска 694 об/мин в среде аргона в течение 150 мин. Консолидация механокомпозитов Cu—Cr—W осуществлялась методом ИПС при температурах 800—1000 °С, давлении 50 МПа в течение 10 мин. Наноструктурированный градиентный спеченный материал на основе Cu—Cr—W-псевдосплавов запрессовывался послойно в следующей последовательности (от чистой меди к псевдосплаву с увеличением массовой доли вольфрама): Cu / Cu— Cr—5%W / Cu—Cr—15%W / Cu-Cr-70%W и спекался при температуре 800 °C в течение 10 мин. Исследованы кристаллическая структура, микроструктура и свойства механокомпозитов Cu—Cr—W и консолидированных материалов на их основе в зависимости от условий получения. Показано, что наноструктура, сформированная в механокомпозитах на стадии непродолжительной ВЭМО (до 150 мин), сохранялась после ИПС для всех составов Cu—Cr—W(5÷70 мас.% W). По данным СЭМ и ЭДС тугоплавкие частицы W (d~ 20÷100 нм) и Cr (d~ 20÷50 нм) равномерно распределены в объеме материала (в медной матрице). Твердость консолидированных образцов Cu—Cr—15%W, полученных из наноструктурированных порошковых смесей (после 150 мин ВЭМО) методом ИПС при t= 800 °С в ~6 раз превышает твердость образцов, спеченных из смеси исходных компонентов (без ВЭМО). Для наноструктурированного состава Cu—Cr—70%W(tипс = 1000 °С) значение твердости было в ~3 раза выше, чем у ми­крокристаллических аналогов. Образцы Cu—Cr—15%W и Cu—Cr—70%Wобладали наибольшей относительной плотностью — до 0,91. Удельное электрическое сопротивление наноструктурированных композитов Cu—Cr—W приблизительно в 2 раза превышало этот показатель для микрокристаллических образцов. Это может быть обусловлено увеличением гра­ниц зерен и накоплением различного рода дефектов в материале на стадии ВЭМО. Полученные результаты показывают перспективность использования сочетания методов кратковременной ВЭМО и последующего ИПС для создания консолидированных нанокристаллических композитов Cu—Cr—Wи градиентных материалов на их основе.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study was conducted to obtain nanostructured mechanically activated composite particles from immiscible metals Cu, Cr and 5÷70 wt.% W, nanostructured bulk materials based on them and Cu / Cu—Cr—W nanostructured gradient material with different tungsten content by combined short-term (up to 150 min) high-energy ball milling (HEBM) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). Cu— Cr—W mechanically activated composites were obtained by HEBM of Cu + Cr + (5÷70 wt.%)W powder mixtures in the Activator-2S ball planetary mill at the rotating speed of 1388 rpm for the grinding chamber and 694 rpm for the planetary disk in an argon atmosphere for 150 min. Cu—Cr—W mechanically activated composite particles were consolidated by SPS in the temperature range of 800— 1000 °C at a pressure of 50 MPa for 10 min. The nanostructured gradient sintered material based on Cu—Cr—W pseudo alloys was pressed layer by layer in the following sequence (from pure copper to pseudo alloy with increasing tungsten content): Cu / Cu—Cr—5%W / Cu—Cr—15%W / Cu—Cr—70%W and sintered at 800 °C for 10 min. The crystal structure, microstructure, and properties of Cu— Cr—W mechanically activated composites and consolidated materials based on them were studied depending on production conditions. It was shown that the nanostructure formed in mechanically activated composites at the short-term HEBM stage (up to 150 min) was preserved for all Cu—Cr—W (5÷70 wt.% W) compounds after SPS. Based on SEM and EDX, refractory particles of W (d ~ 20÷100 nm) and Cr (d ~ 20÷50 nm) were uniformly distributed in the material volume (in the copper matrix). The hardness of Cu—Cr—W (15 wt.% W) bulk samples obtained from nanostructured powder mixtures (after 150 min HEBM) by SPS at 800 °C was approximately 6 times higher than the hardness of samples sintered from the mixture of starting components (without HEBM). For the Cu—Cr—70%W nanostructured compound (tsps = 1000 °С) the hardness value was ~3 times higher than that for microcrystalline analogues. The highest re­lative density of 0.91 was achieved for Cu—Cr—15%W and Cu—Cr—70%W samples. Electrical resistivity for nanostructured Cu—Cr—W composites were 2 times higher than for microcrystalline samples. Apparently, this is due to an increase in grain boundaries and various defects accumulated in the material at the HEBM stage. The obtained results show that combined short-term HEBM and subsequent SPS is a promising way to produce nanocrystalline Cu—Cr—W composites and gradient materials based on them.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>псевдосплав</kwd><kwd>высокоэнергетическая механическая обработка</kwd><kwd>искровое плазменное спекание</kwd><kwd>наноструктура</kwd><kwd>градиентный материал</kwd><kwd>электрический контакт</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pseudo alloy</kwd><kwd>high energy ball milling</kwd><kwd>spark plasma sintering</kwd><kwd>nanostructure</kwd><kwd>gradient material</kwd><kwd>electric contact</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (проект № 18-38-00843 мол_а).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мышкин Н.К., Кончиц В.В., Браунович М. 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